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Chii chinonzi photovotaics?

2022-12-22

Photovoltaics ndiko kushandurwa kwakananga kwechiedza kuita magetsi padanho reatomu. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoratidzira chivakwa chinonzi photoelectric effect chinoita kuti vatore mafotoni echiedza uye vabudise maerekitironi. Kana maerekitironi aya emahara akabatwa, mhedzisiro yemagetsi inogona kushandiswa semagetsi.

Mhedzisiro yephotoelectric yakatanga kucherechedzwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi yekuFrance, Edmund Bequerel, muna 1839, iyo yakawana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvaizoburitsa mashoma emagetsi emagetsi kana akaiswa pachiedza. Muna 1905, Albert Einstein akatsanangura chimiro chechiedza uye photoelectric effect iyo photovoltaic teknolojia yakavakirwa, iyo yaakazowana mubairo weNobel mufizikisi. Yekutanga photovoltaic module yakavakwa neBell Laboratories muna 1954. Yakabhadharwa sebhatiri rezuva uye yainyanya kungova kuda kuziva sezvo yaidhura zvakanyanya kuti iwane kushandiswa kwakapararira. Mumakore ekuma1960, indasitiri yemuchadenga yakatanga kushandisa yakakomba yekutanga tekinoroji kupa simba mukati mezvitundumuseremusere. Kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvemuchadenga, tekinoroji yakafambira mberi, kuvimbika kwayo kwakasimbiswa, uye mutengo wakatanga kudzikira. Munguva yedambudziko remagetsi muma1970, tekinoroji yephotovoltaic yakawana kuzivikanwa sesosi yesimba kune zvisiri-nzvimbo zvikumbiro.

Dhiagiramu iri pamusoro inoratidza kushanda kweiyo basic photovoltaic cell, inonziwo solar cell. Solar maseru anogadzirwa nemhando dzakafanana semiconductor zvinhu, sesilicon, inoshandiswa muindasitiri yemicroelectronics. Kune maseru ezuva, mutete we semiconductor wafer unobatwa zvakanyanya kugadzira munda wemagetsi, wakanaka kune rimwe divi uye usina kunaka kune rimwe. Kana simba rechiedza richirova sero rezuva, maerekitironi anodonhedzwa kubva pamaatomu ari mu semiconductor material. Kana maconductor emagetsi akasungirirwa kumativi akanaka neakaipa, achigadzira dunhu remagetsi, maerekitironi anogona kubatwa muchimiro chemagetsi emagetsi -- kureva, magetsi. Magetsi aya anogona kuzoshandiswa kusimbisa mutoro, semwenje kana mudziyo.

Nhamba yemasero ezuva akabatana nemagetsi kune mumwe nemumwe uye akaiswa mune yekutsigira chimiro kana furemu inonzi photovoltaic module. Mamodule akagadzirirwa kupa magetsi pane imwe voltage, seyakajairwa 12 volts system. Iyo yazvino inogadzirwa inoenderana zvakananga nekuti yakawanda sei chiedza chinorova module.

Mazuva ano maPV anonyanya kushandiswa anoshandisa junction imwe chete, kana interface, kugadzira munda wemagetsi mukati me semiconductor yakadai sePV cell. Mune imwe-junction PV sero, mafotoni chete ane simba rakaenzana kana rakakura kupfuura bhendi gap rechinhu chesero rinogona kusunungura erekitironi yedunhu remagetsi. Mune mamwe mazwi, mhinduro ye photovoltaic ye-single-junction masero inongogumira kune chikamu chezuva chezuva iro simba riri pamusoro pebhendi gap rezvinhu zvinotora, uye pasi-simba photons harishandiswi.

Imwe nzira yekutenderedza ichi chinogumira ndeye kushandisa maviri (kana anopfuura) maseru akasiyana, ane anopfuura rimwe bhendi gap uye anopfuura rimwe junction, kugadzira voltage. Aya anonzi "multijunction" masero (anonziwo "cascade" kana "tandem" masero). Multijunction zvishandiso zvinokwanisa kuwana yakakwira yekutendeuka kwese kunyatsoshanda nekuti ivo vanogona kushandura yakawanda yesimba spectrum yemwenje kumagetsi.

Sezvinoratidzwa pazasi, multijunction mudziyo murwi wemasero ega ega-junction maseru mukudzika kurongeka kwebhendi gap (Eg). Sero repamusoro rinotora mafotoni ane simba guru uye rinopfuudza mamwe mafotoni kuti apinzwe nemasero ezasi-bhendi-gap.

Zvizhinji zvetsvakurudzo yemazuva ano mumaseru akawanda anotarisana negallium arsenide seimwe (kana yose) yezvikamu masero. Masero akadaro asvika pakuita zvakanaka kweanosvika 35% pasi pechiedza chezuva. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakadzidzwa kune multijunction zvishandiso zvave amorphous silicon uye mhangura indium diselenide.

Semuenzaniso, iyo multijunction device iri pazasi inoshandisa sero repamusoro regallium indium phosphide, "tunnel junction," kubatsira kufamba kwemaerekitironi pakati pemasero, uye sero rezasi regallium arsenide.

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